Section two: World map pointing (countries and capital)

Europe

1607

First successful English settlements were at Jamestown on May 13, 1607, by about 100 men and boys and women who came to Virginia from London, England.

2560 BCE 

Ancient Egyptians Build the Great Pyramid of Giza for Pharaoh Khufu

1754 BC

Babylonian King Hammurabi Issues the Code of Hammurabi, One of the Earliest Legal Codes 

1. Civilizations originated along both the Yellow River (Huang Ho) (mainly) and Yangtze River.    
2. China was the first modern state having a centralized government
3. The Chinese were also among the first people to write history. (e.g. Confucias’s Shujing, or Classic of History)
4. Chinese History is conveniently divided into periods called Dynasties. The first Chinese dynasty was the Shang (the Xia dynasty was fictional) 
5. Shang reign overthrown by the Zhou (1046–256 BC). They introduced Mandate of to justify their reign. China didn’t even have an idea of “Heaven” and worshipped a “high god” called Shangdi. Using Mandate of Heaven, they explained that the Shang were able to conquer the Xia only because the Xia kings had lost the Mandate of Heaven
6. The country crumbled into political chaos called the Warring States period, in which states warred over periods. During this period Confucius (551–479 BC), a minor official developed a philosophical and political system. He argued that by following the model of the sage emperors the Chinese emperor could bring order to China. If all men strive to be Junzi the “superior man” the society as a whole will run smoothly. This idea applies especially to the emperor, who is like the father to the whole country as he emphasized that the most important relation was the relation between father and son.  He is also a traditional deity in Daoism. 
7. The period also saw Laozi/ Lao-Tze an ancient Chinese philosopher and writer. He wrote Tao Te Ching and was the founder of philosophical Taoism. Sun Tzu a Chinese general, military strategist, writer, and philosopher and the author of The Art of War was also from this period.
8. This warring period ended when the Qin emperor (221 BC) was able to extend his power over most of the warring states. The Qin dynasty was one of the most important dynasties in Chinese history It re-unifed China under a single emperor for the first time in 500 years period and it gave the place its name, “Chin- uh.” 
9. Qin was replaced by the Han (206 BC–220 AD) a very important dynasty in China’s history. (period of stability and prosperity (golden age)) The name "Han" is used as the name of the Chinese people The country fell again into political chaos –there was no dynasty that ruled over all of China 
10. Country came under the Sui for short time, who were followed by the Tang. 
11. Most prosperous Chang'an (modern Xi'an). The capital was the largest city in the world at that time. The period saw Taizong, one of the greatest emperors in Chinese history and Xuanzang, a Chinese Buddhist monk, scholar, traveler, and translator who travelled to India. Chinese were the first in the world to use paper money, during the Tang Dynasty. 
12. Tang dynasty was replaced, after a short period of no dynasty
13. Then came the Song, who saw a huge growth in China’s commerce that was still not enough to prevent them from being conquered by the Mongol Yuan in 1271, under the Great Khan of Mongol, Kublai Khan. This period saw the construction of grand canal and foundation of Beijing as the capital of the first foreign-led dynasty in China.
14. As this dynasty became unpopular, there was a rise of the Ming (1368–1644), which was the dynasty that built the Great Wall
15. They fell to the Manchus, who founded a dynasty that was called the Qing AD (1644–1912), which was the last dynasty
16. In 1912 there was a Xinhai Revolution unsatisfied by the Qing's opposition to reform young officials inspired by the revolutionary ideas of Sun Yat-sen (the first provisional president of the Republic of China) overthrew Qing and created republic

QUESTIONS

1. What is the most common isotope of hydrogen?
2. What is the most abundant protein in the human body?
3. How much salt (NaCl) is in the average adult human body?
4. Who discovered Radium?
5. Who first discovered cells?

ANSWERS

1. Protium
2. Collagen
3. 250 grams
4. Marie Curie.
5. Robert Hooke

1949
The North Atlantic Treaty (Washington Treaty) signed in Washington, D.C. on 4 April 1949  is the treaty that forms the legal basis of, and is implemented by, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). The treaty’s mutual self-defense clause was never invoked during the Cold War. It was invoked for the first time in 2001 after 11 September 2001.

Section iv: Historical event: world

1215
Magna Carta Libertatum (Great Charter) a charter of rights agreed to by King John of England to make peace between the unpopular King and a group of rebel barons. First drafted by the Archbishop of Canterbury it promised the protection of church rights, protection for the barons from illegal imprisonment, admission to swift justice, and limitations on payments to the empire's Crown which was to be executed by council of 25 barons. Both sides breached their commitments, and the charter was invalided by Pope Innocent III, leading to the First Barons' War.

Section v: Lens and its uses

Section vi: quiz

1789

April 30, 1789 George Washington becomes the first president

1791-1794

The Whiskey Rebellion was a tax protest in the United States under the president George Washington. The so-called "whiskey tax" was the first tax imposed on a domestic product by the newly formed federal government to generate revenue for the war debt incurred during the Revolutionary War. The events led to the formation of political parties in the United States, a process already underway. In the early 1800s, whiskey tax was revoked during the administration of Jefferson.

Section cuatro: historical events of the world

Section cinco: Sinusitis and Epilepsy

Sinusitis

8) c) Chronic Sinsusitis, which lasts more than 12
 d) Recurrent Sinsusitis, with several attacks within a year 

9) Symptoms Huge pain which may be localized to the sinus or generalized pain which may present as headache and lots of mucus will be generated, Patients can also have fever 

10) Treatment: X rays / CT scan can be done to visualize sinuses. Nasal decongestants to shrink swollen nasal passages, mucolytics medications to clear mucus, water(hydrated helps in drainage of mucus). pain killers to help relieve the pain; Antibiotics for Acute Bacterial sinusitis; 

Epilepsy

1) It is called also Fits. It is a neurological illness. 

2) Epilepsy is seizure disorder. These seizures take place repeatedly and arbitrarily .

3) During a seizure clusters of neurons (specialized cells transmitting nerve impulses) in the brain become temporarily impaired or are active at the same time)

4) Demographics: Common in urban and rural area and among all ages 

5) Frequency: varying from once a week to once a year

6) Duration: one / two minutes to hours

7) Neurons send a message using electrical signals relayed from neuron to neuron called firing. The communication i.e. information interchange among separate parts of the brain via electric currents. When there is a short circuit at some point then that particular part of the brain or sometimes the whole brain stops working temporarily.

8) Majority of the people get back to their normal self within fifteen to thirty minutes after a seizure as if nothing happened or at least no permanent damage has occurred to the brain

9) Diagnosis: Brain imaging techniques like MRI, CT scans and EEG (electroencephalogram) for detecting electrical activity in the brain and looking for anatomical abnormalities like brain tumors or abnormal blood vessels that could be causing the seizures 

10) Treatment: completely treatable using anti-epileptic drugs/ anticonvulsants and sometimes epilepsy surgery is required for anatomical abnormalities like brain tumors causing the seizures 

12) ketogenic diet forcing body to burn fat instead of carbohydrates

Section sies: quiz

1916-1930

First Great Migration. was the movement of six million African-Americans out of the rural Southern United States to the urban Northeast, Midwest, and West that occurred between 1916 and 1940. In the early 1900s, more than 90 percent of the African-American population lived in the American South and in 1900, only one-fifth of African-Americans living in the South were living in urban areas.

1980-1988

On 22 September 1980 Iraq invaded Iran to replace Iran as the dominant Persian Gulf state, resulting in stalemate with both sides claim victory Iraq failing to annex Iranian territories and Iran failing to topple Saddam Hussein

The periodic table was created by Dmitry Mendeleyev (1869) at University of St. Petersburg.

Scientists have discovered 94 naturally occurring. Majority (over three-fourths) of the natural elements are metals. The periodic table is the set of the elements written in a fashion pointing out the similarities in the properties of the elements.

The chemical properties of an element are dependent on the number of electrons in its outer shell. In the periodic table elements of the same group have the same number of electrons in the outer shell and have similar properties. The properties change gradually along periods (rows) in the table.  The major groups are 

1) Metals: Group 1A (alkali metals), 2A (alkaline earth metals), and 3-12. (good conductors of heat, malleable, ductile and shiny look). 

2) Non-metals: (poor conductors of heat, non-malleable or ductile and not shiny (Nitrogen, Oxygen)

3) Halogens: Group 7A/17 (reactive nonmetals) (fluorine (F), chlorine (Cl), bromine (Br), and iodine (I))

4) Noble gases: Group 8A / 18th (colorless and unreactive) (Helium, Neon, Argon)

Most reactive metal francium (man-made)

Most reactive metal is cesium (natural)

Least reactive element Helium 

Most electronegative fluorine 

Least electronegative francium

Lowest density Hydrogen 

Highest density Osmium.

Most common element Hydrogen

Most abundant element on earth’s crust oxygen (followed by silicon)

Most abundant element by weight iron

Rarest or scarcest element is astatine 

Lightest element Hydrogen 

Heaviest natural element is the metal uranium

Most flammable element hydrogen

Most flammable chemical chlorine trifluoride, ClF3.

Element with the highest melting point Calcium

Element with the lowest melting point Helium 

Element with the highest sublimation point Calcium

Most expensive natural element Lutetium

most conductive silver

least conductive Sulphur

highest measured radioactivity comes from the element polonium.

Most corrosive-resistant iridium

Copper is also the only metal that is naturally antibacterial

QUESTIONS

1. How far is the moon from the Earth?
2. How do we better know Theodor Seuss Geisel?
3. According to Egyptian mythology, a criosphinx is a figure that has the body of a lion and the head of a what?
4. Which animal has the biggest brain?
5. How long does Haley’s comet take how long to orbit the sun?

ANSWERS

Sect. B: World map pointing- South America (countries and capital)

South America (Continent)

Sect. C: USA historical events